J54 Kiṁphala Jātaka

《不可吃的 “什么果”》

本生经54：果实本生
贪婪的家伙无视警告，吃了有毒的水果。虽然它看起来和芒果一模一样，他们的领队是怎么知道此果一定有毒的？

绘图/ 黄淑香
设计/ 王宗使
编译/ 自在居友
审稿/ 陈语

Whatnot Fruit

Jātaka 54: Kiṁphala Jātaka
Despite the warnings, a greedy fellow ate a poisonous fruit. How did their leader know it was poisonous, even though it looked exactly like a mango.

Readability level: Intermediate I
Illustrated by Wong Shook Heong
Retold by Zi Zai Ju
Proofread by Lee Ee Xuan


“此树长不远…”—— 一时，导师佛陀住在祇陀林(Jetavana)时，开示有关精通水果的优婆塞[1]。
“The tree grows not far…” -- Once, when the Buddha was living at Jetavana, He gave a Dhamma talk about upāsaka[1] who was very knowledgeable about fruits.

当时，舍卫城有一大地主，邀请以佛陀为首的僧团到他的庭园。请他们入座后，供上稀粥和甜糕点。
At that time, a landlord from Sāvatthi had invited the Saṅgha who was headed by the Buddha to his garden. He offered rice-gruel and sweet cakes when all were seated.

之后，他吩咐园丁：“陪比丘们到园中四处走走，并供养一些芒果和别的水果给尊者们。”
Then, he ordered his gardener, “Walk around the garden with the bhikkhus and offer the venerables mangoes and other kinds of fruits.”

园丁回道：“萨度，太好了！” 便带领僧众往园中走去。
The gardener agreed, “Sadhu, very well.” And thus walked about the garden with the Saṅgha.

园丁见到每一棵树立刻就能分辨出来：“这颗水果还没熟，这颗快要熟了，这颗已经熟透了。”他说得句句都对。
The gardener could distinguish the fruits by looking at each of the trees, “This fruit is still green, this is nearly ripe, and this has ripened.” And whatever he said was always found to be true.

于是，比丘向导师告知：“尊者，那位园丁对水果真是精通极了。站在地上他只消微抬头，向树上一望，便立刻知道：‘这颗水果还没熟，这颗快要熟了，这颗已经熟透了’。而且说得句句都对。”
So, the bhikkhus went to the Buddha and informed, “Bhante, the gardener is an expert in fruits. By looking upon any tree, he could immediately tell, ‘this fruit is still green, this is nearly ripe, and this fruit has ripened.’ And whatever he said was always found to be true.”

于是导师说道：“诸比丘，精通水果的不单是这位园丁，在过去也有精通水果的智者。”
“Bhikkhus,” said the Teacher, “this gardener is not the only one who is knowledgeable about fruits. In the past, there was a wise man who was also an expert in fruits too.”

接着，便说出过去的事。
And, with that, He began the story.

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在过去，当梵授王在波罗奈城治理国家的时候。菩萨出生在一个篷车领队的家中。
In the past, when King Brahmadatta was ruling the city of Bārāṇasī, the Bodhisatta was born in the family of a caravan leader.

当他长大后，驱了五百辆货车出外经商。
When he grew up, he went about with his caravan, trading with five hundred bullock carts.

有一天，他来到了一条通往大森林的路。在森林入口处停下来，他召集全队所有人，对他们说：
One day, he arrived upon a path that led through a very thick forest. Before entering the forest, he gathered his men and addressed them, as such,

“此森林中有毒树、毒叶、毒花、毒果、毒蜜，你们碰到不熟悉的，不论一花、一果、一叶，在未问我之前，绝不可吃。”
“In this forest, there are poisonous trees, poisonous leaves, poisonous flowers, poisonous fruits and poisonous honey. If you find any unfamiliar flowers, fruits, or leaves, do not eat without asking me.”

他们都应道：“是！” 他们便进入了森林。
They all promised, “Yes!” And they journeyed into the forest.

正好在森林的边界处，有一个村庄。在村庄的入口处长着一棵“什么果”树(kiṁphalarukkha)。
Near the border of the forest stands a village, and just right outside that village grows a Whatnot-fruit tree (kiṁphalarukkha).

这棵树的树干、树枝、叶子、花，和所结的果实，完全与芒果一般无二。其中不但果实的形状，连香味、生熟的区别，也完全与芒果一样。但如果吃了这水果，就会如中了“诃罗诃罗”（halāhala）致命猛毒一样，瞬间便告身亡。
Its trunk, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits, looked exactly like a mango tree. Even the colour, shape, smell, taste, and ripeness of the fruit are the same as that of a mango. But, unlike a mango fruit, if eaten, it will be as poisonous as the “halāhala” (the most vicious and venomous) poison, causing immediate death.

走在前头的人中，有几个是贪吃的人，他们以为：“这就是棵芒果树。”于是，吃其果实。
Among those who were ahead of the cavaran, there were a few greedy men, who thought, “This is a mango tree.” And, thus ate its fruit.

但另有几人想：“问了队长再吃。”他们手里拿着果实，站在那里。
Others remembered the leader’s warning and thought, “Let’s ask our leader first before we eat.” And they stood there, with the fruit in hand.

直到队长来到，他们才问：“大人！我们可以吃这芒果吗？”
When their leader showed up, they asked, “Sir, can we eat this mango fruit?”

菩萨知道那不是芒果树，说：“这是“什么果”的树，这不是芒果树，千万不可吃。”
Knowing that it was not a mango tree, the Bodhisatta said, “That is a Whatnot-fruit tree, not a mango tree, don't eat it.”

立即阻止正在吃的人，叫他们吐出来，再给他们喝下四甜剂[2]，他们终于复原了。
He immediately stopped those who were eating the Whatnot-fruit and made them vomit it out. He then gave them the catumadhura[2] to drink, and they managed to recover.

原来，以前路过的商队，都在这树下休息，整理车具。他们都以为：“这些是芒果”，都吃了这毒果而死去了。
It turns out that in the past, when caravans rested under the Whatnot-fruit tree to organize their carts, they had thought, “These are mangoes,” and died from eating the poisonous fruit.

到了第二天，村民们都跑出来，见人们已死在那里。
The next morning, the local villagers would arrive at the site to find dead bodies.

他们便会抓着他们的脚丢弃到隐秘的地方。然后带着货车和商队的所有物品离开。
They would grab their heels, drag the bodies, and abandon them at a secret place. Then, the villagers would take for themselves the wagons and all the belongings of the caravans.

那天黎明时分，村民们也一样，喊叫着：
Similarly, on that day, at daybreak, the villagers claimed,

“牛是我的。”
“The oxen must be mine.”

“车是我的。”
“I'll have the wagons.”

“货物是我的。” 急忙跑到树下。
“The wares are mine.” And they hurriedly ran towards the Whatnot-fruit tree.

见到商队们平安无恙，问道：“你们是怎么知道这不是芒果树？”
Having seen the whole caravan alive and well, they asked, “How did you know this was not a mango tree?”

商队们回答道：“我们并不知道，我们的领队知道。”
“We didn't know,” said the caravan members, “our leader knew.”

村民们便问菩萨：“智者，你是怎样发现这不是芒果树？”
So, the villagers asked the Bodhisatta, “Wise man, how did you know this was not a mango tree?”

菩萨说道：“有两个原因使我知道。”便说出此偈语：

“此树长不远，近村不难爬，
树上美果实，圆熟无人摘。
由此我知道：‘这是毒果实。’”

“I know it for two reasons,” replied the Bodhisatta, and he told this stanza: --

“The tree grows not far from the village, yet it is not hard to climb.

Pleasant and ripened fruits grow on the tree, yet it remains unpicked.

As such, I know, this is a poisonous fruit.”

他对众人说法，然后平安的完成了行程。
He preached the Dhamma to the people, and then he continued with his journey safely.

——————————  

导师说道：“如此，诸比丘，在过去也有智者是精通水果的。”
“Thus, bhikkhus,” said the Teacher, “in the past, there was a wise man who was an expert in fruits.”

导师开示此佛法后，连接贯穿了过去世与现在世：“那时的商队是众佛弟子，而篷车领队正是我。”
The Dhamma-teaching ended and the Teacher connected the previous birth with the present as follows, “At that time, the Buddha’s followers were the people of the caravan, and I myself was the caravan leader.”

 
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教师指南

1. 村民们知道“什么果”是有毒的树，但还是让经过的商队在不知情的情况下吃它而中毒身亡，然后拿取他们的货车和财物。
(a) 村民们这样做正确吗？是善的吗？为什么？
(b) 村民们犯了什么戒？

2. 如果你是村民，发现有棵树长毒果。
(a) 你会怎么做？(比如：放告示牌等)
(b) 为什么你会这么做？

3. 贪婪者吃了毒果而差点丧命。请列出贪婪还会造成什么危险？如何避免这些危险？

4. 世上有许多食物/物品看起来安全食用或可以使用，但其实它们是危险的。我们应如何有智慧地不受骗于其表？

5. 菩萨仅仅用常理就让跟随者们避开了生命危险。试讨论领袖的责任及素质。

Teacher’s Guide

1. The villagers knew the Whatnot-fruit tree is poisonous, but yet knowingly, they allowed caravans who were passing by to eat the poisonous fruit, leaving them to be poisoned to death, and subsequently taking their wagons and belongings.
(a) Were the villagers doing the right thing? Is it wholesome? Why?
(b) What precepts did the villagers break?

2. If you are the villagers who knew there was a poisonous tree,
(a) What will you do? (e.g., put a warning board, etc.)
(b) Why would you do so?

3. Those who were greedy ate the poisonous fruit and nearly lost their life. Please state what other dangers would be caused by greed? How to avoid these dangers?

4. Many things in this world look safe to eat or use, but in fact, they are dangerous. How can we have the wisdom and not be cheated by appearances?

5. Bodhisatta used common sense to save his followers from life-threatening danger. Please discuss the roles and qualities of a leader.

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省思 Reflection

智者博学多闻，善于观察。
他们是跟随者的真正皈依处和施惠者。

Wise men are skilled, knowledgeable and observant;
They are the true refuge and the benefactor of the followers.

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[1] Upāsaka：优婆塞(古音译)，为已皈依佛、法、僧三宝的在家男居士。巴利语的直译：近事男，即遵循和亲近侍奉三宝的男子。在家女众称为upāsikā，即优婆夷、近事女。
Upāsaka: A layman who has taken refuge with the Buddha, Dhamma and Saṅgha. A female devotee is called upāsikā.

[2] 四甜剂(catumadhura)是由四种材料，即酥油、蜜糖、蔗糖和油制成的药糊。
or called four-sweets medicine, as it is medicine paste that made from four ingredients, i.e., ghee, honey, molasse sugar and oil.